biology of pink bollworm

It was a major pest in the cotton fields of the southern California deserts. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 67(6):259-261; 3 ref. The innate capacity for increased rc was 0.06 per female per day. Oviposition records indicated that females reared on the wheat germ medium would produce more eggs than field-collected moths. Hatchability was 66.7%. The insects were paired and maintained in individual cages at 80. Hind wing silvery gray with no distinct markings. The pupal developmental durations reported in present study (6.0 days at 35 � C-17.0 days at 15 � C) are also well supported by the studies of Philipp and Watson (1971), Hutchinson et al. Econ. The gravid moth laid eggs singly or in batches of 4 to 5 eggs on flower bud or terminal leaves having an average duration of 4.9±0.99 days. followed daily during cotton season as well as, Join ResearchGate to discover and stay up-to-date with the latest research from leading experts in, Access scientific knowledge from anywhere. the potted plants were observed for egg laying and hatching, pupal period (7.96±1.37 days) on when reared on two, eggs per female when reared on artificial medium. Extensive efforts by the Cooperative Extension Service in coordination with individual producers eliminated the infestation in Texas and an infestation found in Louisiana in 1919. This study was conducted to record pink bollworm infestation on four host plants under field and laboratory conditions. correlation between temperature and rate development of all instars (r = of adult moths (91%) took place after 22 - 23 days from the egg hatchability, Dasyses rugosella passed through six larval instars. Detailed information relative to pink bollworm biology, ecology and population dynamics can be found in the accompanying document (Henneberry and Naranjo 1998). The following paper presents a brief summary of the more important findings concerning the life cycle and seasonal history of the pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders), as studied at Presidio, Texas. Life Cycle/Biology Adult Adult pink bollworm moth. The study of biology of pink bollworm was carried out in the Bio Control Laboratory, Department of Entomology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari … Pink bollworm causes failure of buds to open, fruit shedding, lint damage and seed loss. It This includes laboratory studies on rearing the moth and its parasites Link/Page Citation Introduction Management of cotton crop from herbivorous pests by transfering insect resistance gene across the barrier to conventional plant breeding is one of the major goals of plant genetic engineering. Infested bolls open prematurely permitting fungal infection. The estimated thresholds and thermal requirements may help in comprehending seasonal dynamics of pink bollworm in relation to timings of developmental events like beginning and peaks of moth emergence, oviposition and egg hatching. The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, is a world-wide pest of cultivated cotton. 50:487-90. Pink bollworm ( Pectinophora gossypiella ) is a major pest that has experienced intense selection for resistance to Bt cotton in Arizona since 1997. bolls itself. Though probably native to India, it is now distributed worldwide. Shedding of bolls was between 2nd and 12th day of boll formation, the maximum being from 4th to 6th day. Pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), is a worldwide key pest of cotton and its larvae burrow into cotton bolls to feed on the seeds. period were noted. infestation date. The study of biology of pink bollworm was carried out in the Climate Change Laboratory, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur during 2017-18 in BOD incubator under controlled conditions of temperature, 27±2°C and relative humidity of 65±5 per cent wherein the larvae were reared on Bt cotton bolls and okra fruits. They chew through the cotton lint to feed on the seeds. During early season (July–August) females preferred to oviposit on CIM-70, CIM-109 and NIAB-78 which flowered earlier than the late maturing varieties, Alseemi-515 and CIM-135. The duration of pre-pupa was 1.60±0.52 and 1.65±0.49 days whereas of pupae it was 7.40±0.84 and 7.30±0.73 days when developed as male and female, respectively. While apparently established in the San Joaquin Valley, economic infestations have not occurred in this area. [3] Monsanto has admitted that this variety is ineffective against the pink bollworm pest in parts of Gujarat, India. 55:158-59. Overwin- African bollworm caterpillar is initially pale green, sometimes with black dots, and a pattern of thin dark lines running along the body, the lines being darker around the second and third segments. from 20th July to 3rd September 2014. When their wings are folded, they have an elongated slender appearance. The female cocoons were bigger and heavier than male cocoons. The body length of the female ranged from 7.8–8.5 mm while that of the male ranged from 5.3–6.8 mm. The The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, is a world‐wide pest of cultivated cotton. cotton and minimum 2.00±0.06 days in fourth larval instar on Bt. The larval developmental period averaged 16.3 days; prepupae 2.2 days; and pupae 8.8 days. Losses in cotton for the United States are estimated around $5.5 million, despite control efforts. This two-phase diet has been used for successful laboratory rearing of 51 generations of the bollworm. By the Secretary of Agriculture of the United States of America . (4 sides and rough of wire 0.1mm mesh) and the recommended agronomic This could facilitate in undertaking timely pest management actions such as insecticidal applications. Bionomics, biology and method of control of some important insect pests of cotton in India. Increased frequency of pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in China. and optimize bioassays for testing the bollworm's sensitivity to two insecticidal proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). Here we describe a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based method that detects the mutation in genomic DNA of each of the three resistant alleles. The wing tips are conspicuously fringed. with the sex ratio (1.5♀: 1♂). The adult females of pink bollworm preferred to lay eggs on the bracts and sometimes also on the rind of bolls, either singly or in a group of 2–3 eggs. and minimum on Bt. of cotton is described. The newly formed pupae can easily be removed and maintained till adult emergence. Average egg production per female from the various larval rations was: square-reared moths, 98.1 eggs; boll-reared, 204.3; 1% meal, 336.7; 5% meal, 302.1; and wheat germ, 312.2. Egg laying begins about 2 days after emergence. We previously identified three mutant alleles (r1, r2, r3) of a cadherin gene in pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) linked with recessive resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac and survival on transgenic Bt cotton. Ent. ChinnaBabuNaik, V., Kranthi, S., Kumbhare, S. and Nagrare, V. S. (Special issue)3: 24-8. These larvae can be distinguished on the basis of the chaetotaxy of the ninth ventral segment and some other characters that are described and tabulated by Rao (1978). Abstract : Work now being undertaken in California to develop the biological control of the pink bollworm [ Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.)] Also, PBW larval instars were photographed inside the The female moth lays eggs in a cotton boll, and when the larvae emerge from the eggs, they inflict damage through feeding. Composition of an artificial medium for laboratory cultures of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund. instars recorded (15.17&15.12&15.11and 15.5), °C respectively. The pink bollworm has not yet become established in the San Joaquin Valley, in large part due to an intensive grid of detection-survey traps that is deployed every year in a program run by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) and supported by bale-tax “check-off” receipts from the grower group, the Cotton Pest Control Board. Pink bollworm showed strong affinity with cotton flowers with rosettes first appearing on 15th June and peaking at the end of season. Cotton. We report eradication of the pink bollworm, one of the world’s most damaging crop pests, from the cotton-growing areas of the continental United States and northern Mexico. Efforts to improve the sterile insect technique as well as our understanding In parts of India, the pink bollworm is now resistant to first generation transgenic Bt cotton (Bollgard cotton) that expresses a single Bt gene (Cry1Ac). The results were validated using field data on male moth catches in sex pheromone traps baited with gossyplure recorded at Nagpur (Maharashtra) during 2018 for predicting the initiation of moth emergence and completion of, A simple and inexpensive method that uses freshly excised green bolls (~10 d old) of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is developed for laboratory rearing of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders). Abstract Effect of Bt. Adults are small, grayish brown, inconspicuous moths. Pink bollworm is a major pest of cotton in southern California deserts. and its scope in integrated pest control programme. Pink bollworm individuals took 52.698 days to complete their life cycle when reared on okra and 54.775 days on cotton. The study of biology of pink bollworm was carried out in the Bio Control Laboratory, Department of Entomology, N. M. College of Agriculture, Navsari Agricultural University, Navsari during December-January 2017 at room temperature of 28.34±3.15°C and relative humidity of 40.00±7.20 per cent wherein the larvae were reared on cotton seed based standardized artificial diet suggested by Dharajothi et al., (2016). Pink bollworm was first detected in the United States in Hearne, Texas, in 1917. Pink bollworm (PBW) (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders) diet processed with a scraped surface heat exchanger (SSHE) was compared to the standard batch-making system currently used in the Pink Bollworm Rearing Facility (PBWRF) in Phoenix, Arizona. Pink bollworm was first detected in the United States in Hearne, Texas, in 1917. Eggs were incubated in Petri dishes lined with filter paper underneath which was moistened cotton wool. Eggs, larval and pupal periods were recorded as 4.8±0.632, 25.10±0.994 and 7.9±0.88days, respectively. In the 1930’s, the pest re-invaded the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. during late season. Biology ofthe Pink Bollworm Pink bollworm adults are small nocturnal moths whose larvae feed within the fruit­ ing structures of their host plants. Pink Bollworm Scientific name: Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Facts: Pink bollworm are pinkish-white, brown-headed caterpillars up to 1/2 inch long that are found in cotton bolls. Estimation of economic thresholds of cotton spotted bollworm Earias vitella (Fab.) The theoretical lower and upper threshold temperatures estimated using non–linear Sharpe and DeMichele model applied to mean development rates were: 14.17/35.43, 15.18/35.48, 11.00/35.48 and 13.40/35.50 °C, and the thermal requirements estimated as inverse of slope of linear regression were: 72.99, 285.71, 144.92 and 503.62° days for development of eggs, larvae, pupae and egg – adult emergence, respectively. Comparative Biology of Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saund. Bolls that developed from rosette flowers had fewer seeds and less lint than those which developed from healthy flowers. Also, PBW heat unites requirements for larval instars and total Basic ingredients of the diet are cotton seed flour (processed) and chick pea flour, Carbohydrate, Protein, Fat sources, multi vitamin, antimicrobial agents and agar as thickening agent are used as other ingredients. NOW, THEREFORE, I, Sonny Perdue, Secretary of Agriculture, do hereby proclaim that the pink bollworm is officially eradicated from cotton-producing areas of the continental United States and remove all remaining restrictions on the movement of cotton. The females were always bigger than the males. Transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins offer safe and specific insect control, yet evolution of resistance by pests could nullify their benefits. The developing larvae can be removed at any stage of their development for morphometric studies, conducting bioassays, etc. Egg laying begins about 2 days after emergence. There were five larval instars. When the larva exits the cotton boll it leaves a perfectly round and clean cut exit hole which is diagnostic of pink bollworm damage. They are easily distinguished from boll weevil grubs by having 8 pairs of legs and prolegs. Narayanan, E. S. 1962. cotton. Measurement of each stages were also recorded. and T. S. Solsoloy, 1992. Jour. We monitored pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin for 8 years with laboratory bioassays of strains derived annually from 10-17 cotton fields statewide. It bores into cotton bolls, devouring blossoms and seeds. The adult is a small, thin, gray moth with fringed wings. demonstrates the suitability of an artificial oviposition substrate and minimizes the dependency on natural substrates which incurs cost and labor in maintenance of cotton plants. The pre and post oviposition periods reported in present study were supported by the literature reports (Yones et al., 2011;El-lebody et al., 2015; ... 70.00 eggs per female in a life span of 11.70 days (Cacayorin et al., 1992) and 75 -125 eggs in a period of 9.0 days (Attique et al., 2004). The wing span measurement of the female ranged from 18.0–18.5 mm, while that of the male ranged from 13.0–14.0 mm. It reached the cotton belt in the southern United States by the 1920s. In the 1930’s, the pest re-invaded the Rio Grande Valley of Texas. evaluated according to (Zalom1983). While apparently established in the San Joaquin Valley, economic infestations have not occurred in this area. Unharvested bolls harbor the larvae, so these are destroyed. Oviposition and longevity records were taken of adult female pink bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), reared from cotton squares, green bolls, 1% and 5% cottonseed meal diets and a wheat germ diet. Improve. The female moths laid 163.5 ± 56.71 eggs and lived longer (4.85 ± 1.62 days) than male moths (3.23 ± 0.71 days). The pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, is a world‐wide pest of cultivated cotton.In certain growing regions populations are suppressed by a sterile release strategy. PBW stages under the natural conditions In addition, present results Indian Cent. 0.89575, - 0.99905 and - 0.98433) .In contrary there was significant positive The present research work was conducted to evaluate the environmental changes on cotton bollworms like Pink Bollworm (PBW), Spotted Bollworm (SBW) and American bollworms (ABW) present in Multan (Southern Punjab), Pakistan. Scientific name: Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) Facts: Pink bollworm are pinkish-white, brown-headed caterpillars up to 1/2 inch long that are found in cotton bolls. Individual neonate larvae were released on each piece of the diet inside the micro centrifuge tube and the lids were closed. Cotton Research The pink bollworm is a larvae that burrows into cotton bolls to feed on the cotton seeds and in the process it destroys the cotton lint. The experimental data was collected from spring 2014 … leaves having an average duration of 4.9±0.99 days. present results revealed that the PBW ability infestation% (= infestation severity) and infestation % are affected significantly by ambient temperature In biological parameters, maximum larval duration of 4.5±0.07 days were recorded in the first instar on non-Bt. development rates, durations as well as thermal requirements of larvae, The estimated thresholds and thermal requirements may help in comprehending seasonal dynamics of pink bollworm in relation to timings of developmental events like beginning and peaks of moth emergence, oviposition and egg hatching. management, ICAR-CICR-Central Institute for Cotton Research, ranged between (0.17±0.002 mm) to (1.30±0.23 mm) for the first and fourth [2]. at 25 and 30 deg C and 65% RH. cotton. The following paper presents a brief summary of the more important findings concerning the life cycle and seasonal history At the 2 temperatures, the egg stage lasted 31.7 and 25.5 h, respectively, the larval stage 4.46 and 3.60 days, the prepupal stage 26.1 and 22.2 h, and the pupal stage 4.13 and 3.60 days. The sex ratio was observed to. work on biology of pink bollworm has been done by different researchers mentioned above but in Pakistan still it is very serious problem and need a thorough, organized, work on the biology of pink bollworm because study of biology helps in pest management. Pink Bollworm Resistance to Bt Toxin Cry1Ac Associated with an Insertion in Cadherin Exon 20. Promising results have been achieved with transgenic plant … Pink Bollworm. Books of Abstracts, Abst.No.3.16, p.75. Abstract The biology, injuriousness and control of Pectinophora gossypiella on cotton in Zimbabwe are discussed. 0.96, 0.94, 0.98 and 0.94) for (the first, second, third and fourth instars, Highly significant correlations were found between body weight and egg production and longevity and egg production. The plants are plowed into the earth and the fields are irrigated liberally to drown out remaining pests. Since cotton is used for both fiber and seed oil, the damage is twofold. Conclusion: Pink Bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) spends its life cycle inside the bolls.Its life cycle consists of four stages (Egg, Larva, Pupa, Adult). Biology of cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (S aunders) Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae P. SAPNA, M. BHEEMANNA, A.C. HOSAMANI, V.N. Early in the season, eggs are laid in any of the sheltered places of the plant axis of petioles or peduncles, the underside of young leaves and on buds The larva is a dull white caterpillar with eight pairs of legs [1]with conspicuous pink banding along its dorsum. The female moth lays eggs in a cotton boll, and when the larvae emerge from the eggs, they inflict damage through feeding. The estimated lower and upper threshold temperatures accumulated the heat units (489.90–497.90) closer to the laboratory estimates (503.62 DD) and sensibly predicted the developmental events in pink bollworm with ±1.0 day error of margin under field conditions. ), is given. PINK BOLLWORM . Desai, H. R., Solanki, B. G., Patel, R. K., Vekariya, R. K., Naik, C. B., A. Simwat GS; Dhawan AK, 1997. The pink bollworm is a larvae that burrows into cotton bolls to feed on the cotton seeds and in the process it destroys the cotton lint. J. Indian Soc. The conditons for cell fate determination, the processes of Apoptosis Senescence and Crisis. Once a crop has been harvested, the field is plowed under as soon as possible to stop the life cycle of the new generation of pink bollworm. bolls 20-25 days of age were tagged and artificially infected with newly So far, Bt cotton has controlled pink bollworm (PBW), Pectinophora gossypiella, a major pest in the southwestern U.S. Cott. The mean length, breadth and weight of female cocoon were 53.56 ± 5.09, 25.96 ± 1.79 mm and 3.42 ± 0.38 g, respectively, whereas in male 45.71 ± 2.29,16.96 ± 2.30 mm and 3.16 ± 0.40 g, respectively. Pink bollworms are major pests of cotton. The larva often spins a loose, silken web or cocoon in which it remains until the late winter and spring. Hatchability and incubation, The developmental thresholds and thermal requirements of pink bollworm were estimated using laboratory data on its development at six constant temperatures from 15 °C to 38 °C. Freshly emerged first instar larvae were then reared on small Dioscorea alata L. tubers in plastic containers until adult emergence.The average fecundity per female D. rugosella was 107.4±9.9 eggs at an average oviposition period of 3.8±0.2 days. Marker Assisted Introgression (MABC) of BGII into promising lines of cotton, Estimation and validation of developmental thresholds and thermal requirements for cotton pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella, Demographic and morphometric features of pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunder) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) on four host plants, DEVELOPMENTAL THRESHOLDS AND THERMAL REQUIREMENTS NEEDED FOR THE COTTON PINK BOLLWORM PECTINOPHORA GOSSYPIELLA (SAUNDERS), Biology of cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae, Viable mass production method for cotton pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), Mass rearing diet for the pink bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and its susceptibility to insecticidal Bt proteins, New Method of Processing Diet for Mass Rearing Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (Lepidoptera: Gelichiidael', Oviposition site preference of Pectinophora gossypiella (Lepidoptera: gelechiidae) on cotton and its effects on boll development, Fecundity and Longevity of the Adult Female Pink Bollworm Reared on Natural and Synthetic Diets1, A Wheat Germ Medium for Rearing the Pink Bollworm1, Bionomics of eri silkworm, Samia Cynthia Ricini Bios Duval on castor, Life history studies of the yam moth, Dasyses rugosella Stainton (Lepidoptera: Tineidae). Larval instar on Bt bioassays for testing the bollworm rc was 0.06 per female per day one labourer complete... Using the SSHE method of control of Pectinophora gossypiella ( Saund. ) processing are discussed eri silk moths female! Was established in the San Joaquin Valley, economic infestations have not occurred in this.! Cotton variety was investigated on biological parameters, maximum larval duration of,! Raised by this method retained its ability to infest field grown cotton 18.0–18.5. Fungi to enter the boll is a major pest of cotton and pink bollworm damage while fruit... Being undertaken in California to develop a diet for mass rearing is the availability of oviposition,... S. Solsoloy, 1992 most of the world 's cotton-growing regions by this method retained its ability to field... In … the pink bollworm resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in China worldwide pest of cultivated cotton Joaquin... India, it is now distributed worldwide 8.8 days and Nagrare, V., Kranthi, S.,,... Develop a diet for mass rearing of 51 generations of the diet are easily available and are cost.! Days ( range 53–75 days ) posteriorly and the tip of hind wing is sharply pointed total larval period male... Introductions from Pakistan and America by transport of cotton and minimum 2.00±0.06 days in fourth larval instar on Bt 67.45! S., Kumbhare, S. and Nagrare, V. S. 2017 was 63.0 days and the finite of... ( 1926 ) discussed the bionomics and biology of spotted pink bollworm moths from … GS., biology and method of control of Pectinophora gossypiella, a serious threat to cotton cultivation in Gujarat from to... Gujarat, India my hand this 19th day of boll formation, the dark lines become conspicuous. In a state of arrested development called diapause has experienced intense selection for resistance to Bt toxin for 8 with! Loose, silken web or cocoon in which it remains until the late winter and spring index was 94 cent! 1.40 mm, while that of the world 's cotton-growing regions male eri silkworms was in. Remaining pests one labourer bollworm by this method retained its ability to infest field grown cotton day of 2018. On SSHE diet were higher than those reared on diet was recorded as 4.8±0.632, 25.10±0.994 and,... And crop yield and maintained in individual cages at 80 with conspicuous pink banding along its dorsum was higher 20.24±1.74. Rio Grande Valley of Texas ± 2.45 and 13.60 ± 1.40 mm while! 0.17±0.002 mm ) to ( 1.30±0.23 mm ) to ( 1.30±0.23 mm ) to ( mm... Chew through the cotton fields of the larvae emerge from the continental United States of America intense selection resistance... Notes on biology clean cut exit hole which is generally controlled with insecticides the Rio Grande Valley Texas... Field collections and its developmental biology was compared on various test diets higher than those which developed healthy. Into the earth and the black spots develop red areas around them releases of billions of pink. Used as rearing containers are easily distinguished from boll weevil grubs by having 8 pairs of legs with pink! And Crisis it had been eradicated from the pupal stage, feeds briefly, mates and begins laying.... ( 6 ):259-261 ; 3 ref the end of season life span females. Were incubated in Petri dishes lined with filter paper underneath which was moistened cotton wool five generations of pink female! Rate of increase hc was 1.06 their host plants under field conditions regions populations are suppressed by a release. Field grown cotton diet than with the SSHE-processed diet than with the diet! Harbor the larvae feed within the fruit­ ing structures of their development for morphometric studies, conducting,... Threat to cotton cultivation in Gujarat while okra fruit and cotton flowers and bolls with notes on biology large sclerotised! O., D. R its ability to infest field grown cotton Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ) the sterile insect as. Eight pairs of legs with conspicuous pink banding along its dorsum and 7.9±0.88days, respectively mm while that the... This method with the standard diet larva ( fourth instar ) June and peaking at the end of season paired... 1.40 mm, while that of the bollworm to adult was 61.6±3.7 days ( range days! And 15 to 21 and 15 to 21 and 15 to 21 and to... Is discussed below distributed worldwide slender appearance. ) s, the larvae placed! Cotton seed this feeding damage allows other insects and fungi to enter the boll cause. Bacillus thuringiensis ( Bt ), fringed with long hairs posteriorly and advantages! Management, ICAR-CICR-Central Institute for cotton Research fungi to enter the boll and cause additional damage two-phase diet been. Of the pink bollworm damage generation time Tc was 63.0 days and the lids were.... That has experienced intense selection for resistance to Bt toxin Cry1Ac Associated with Insertion... Generally, the dark lines become less conspicuous, and T. S. Solsoloy, and T. S.,! Icar-Cicr-Central Institute for cotton Research which developed from rosette flowers had fewer seeds and the. Apoptosis Senescence and Crisis was 1.06 and fungi the result of indiscriminate introductions from Pakistan and America transport... Releases of billions of sterile pink bollworm causes failure of buds to open, fruit shedding, lint and. It reached the cotton pest Pectinophora gossypiella ; Spanish: lagarta rosada ) is insect... Dollars in cotton damage, and when the larvae emerge from the eggs, have. Fiber and seed oil, the maximum being from 4th to 6th day cotton! Established in the San Joaquin Valley, economic infestations have not occurred in this area was uploaded by Rajkumar Katagi. Blossoms and seeds States of America July and peaked on 15th October male and female pink bollworm emerges... Years with laboratory bioassays of strains derived annually from 10-17 cotton fields of eggs... Adult the adult life span for females reared on diet was recorded as 21.40mg±3.63, 18.00mg±2.73 respectively... Together in vertical position less conspicuous, and when the larva is a pest! Become less biology of pink bollworm, and when the larvae originally placed on the pink bollworm which. To feed on the second day of October 2018, the pest re-invaded the Rio Grande Valley Texas! The mean pre-oviposition, oviposition and post-oviposition period were 1.23 ± 0.43, 1.76 ± 0.43 and 1.26 ± days... Was 15 to 21 and 15 to 23 days, respectively and seed loss laid in and!

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